FOR the American economy - and for many other developed economies - the elephant in the room is the amount of money paid to bankers over the last five years. In the United States, the sum stands at an astounding US$2.2 trillion (S$2.6 trillion) for banks that have filings with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Extrapolating over the coming decade, the numbers would approach US$5 trillion, an amount vastly larger than what both President Barack Obama's administration and his Republican opponents seem willing to cut from further government deficits.
By Nassim Nicholas Taleb & Mark Spitznagel
That US$5 trillion is not money invested in building roads, schools and other long-term projects, but is directly transferred from the American economy to the personal accounts of bank executives and employees. Such transfers represent as cunning a tax on everyone else as one can imagine. It feels quite iniquitous that bankers, having helped cause today's financial and economic troubles, are the only class that is not suffering from them - and in many cases is actually benefiting.
Mainstream megabanks are puzzling in many respects. It is (now) no secret that they have operated so far as large, sophisticated compensation schemes, masking the probabilities of 'Black Swan' events (unpredicted events with vast impact) and benefiting from the free backstop of implicit public guarantees. Excessive leverage, rather than skills, can be seen as the source of their resulting profits, which then flow disproportionately to employees, and of their sometimes-massive losses, which are borne by shareholders and taxpayers.
In other words, banks take risks, get paid for the upside, and then transfer the downside to shareholders, taxpayers and even retirees. In order to rescue the banking system, the Federal Reserve, for example, put interest rates at artificially low levels; as was disclosed recently, it has also provided secret loans of US$1.2 trillion to banks. The main effect so far has been to help bankers generate bonuses (rather than attract borrowers) by hiding exposures. Taxpayers end up paying for these exposures, as do retirees and others who rely on returns from their savings.
Of course, before being bailed out by governments, banks had never made any return in their history, assuming that their assets are properly marked to market. Nor should they produce any return in the long run, as their business model remains identical to what it was before, with only cosmetic modifications concerning trading risks.
So the facts are clear. But, as individual taxpayers, we are helpless because we do not control outcomes, owing to the concerted efforts of lobbyists or, worse, economic policymakers.
But the puzzle represents an even bigger elephant. Why does any investment manager buy the stocks of banks that pay out very large portions of their earnings to their employees? The promise of replicating past returns cannot be the reason, given the inadequacy of those returns.
Why do portfolio and pension-fund managers hope to receive impunity from their investors? Isn't it obvious to investors that they are voluntarily transferring their clients' funds to the pockets of bankers? Aren't fund managers violating both fiduciary responsibilities and moral rules? Are they missing the only opportunity we have to discipline the banks and force them to compete for responsible risk-taking?
It is hard to understand why the market mechanism does not eliminate such questions. A well-functioning market would produce outcomes that favour banks with the right exposures, the right compensation schemes, the right risk-sharing and, therefore, the right corporate governance.
One may wonder: If investment managers and their clients don't receive high returns on bank stocks, as they would if they were profiting from bankers' externalisation of risk onto taxpayers, why do they hold them at all? The answer: Banks represent a large share of the S&P 500, and managers need to be invested in them.
We don't believe that regulation is a panacea for this state of affairs. The largest, most sophisticated banks have become expert at remaining one step ahead of regulators. In these circumstances, more complicated regulations merely mean more billable hours for lawyers, more income for regulators switching sides and more profits for derivatives traders.
Investment managers have a moral and professional responsibility to play their role in bringing some discipline into the banking system. Their first step should be to separate banks according to their compensation criteria.
Investors have used ethical grounds in the past and have been successful in generating pressure on the underlying stocks. Investing in banks constitutes a double breach - ethical and professional. Investors, and the rest of us, would be much better off if these funds flowed to more productive companies, perhaps with an amount equivalent to what would be transferred to bankers' bonuses redirected to well-managed charities.
The first writer is professor of risk engineering at New York University and the author of The Black Swan. The second is a hedge-fund manager. The writers own positions that profit if bank stocks decline in value.
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